(20) The phrase for ‘brother’, aha in BT, keeps simultaneously already been augmented, even though this form is also included in Turoyo. Hertevin has both ?aha and ?ahona (Jastrow 1988, 180), but Mandaic only has aha (Macuch 1965, 495).

Concurrently, additional NENA, i’ve other words: Mandaic keraya (Macuch 1965, 509), Turoyo raglo (Jastrow 1985, 219)

(21) One to rather mystical items that is attested in most NENA dialects but Sanandaj Christian (which probably simply a spin gap about facts) are aqla ‘foot’. Krotkoff (1985, 130-31) argues this particular word comes in the root ql ‘to getting crooked’. All of the languages make use of the means aqla, but Koy Sanjaq aqla and you will Tisqopa (?)aqIlta.

(22) Several other phrase chatted about by Krotkoff (1985, 131-thirty two, 134) try baxta ‘woman’ mylol online, which has supplanted the Syriac atta in every NENA, not inside Turoyo otherwise Mandaic. So it phrase appears to derive from Kurdish baxt ‘honor’. It is interesting to remember one to an irregular plural survives for the several languages: Tisqopa (?)InsI, Azerbaijan Jewish nise, and you will Halabja inse.

(23) An unexpected advancement discussed from the Noldeke (1868, 59) was rxata, corresponding to Syriac rhat. The change out of h to x in this one-word is utilized in the NENA languages where in fact the verb was attested. Examples: Sanandaj Religious raxet (Panoussi 1990), Urmi roentgen-x-D (Hetzron 1969, 123), Jilu rxata, Hertevin rahet (Jastrow 1988, 222).

(24) Some other unanticipated innovation ‘s the NENA verb ‘fear’, which will take the new models zda?an excellent, zdaya, and you can zdala on certain dialects. Macuch and you may Panoussi (1974, 50) render a prospective derivation from the Syriac ezda za ‘be shaken’. Forms to the infixed d are observed in all the fresh new NENA dialects where sources try attested: Halabja ilha zadyane ‘God-fearing (pl.)’, Jilu +zdale ‘he feared’, Aradhin iza:dIl ‘he fears’ (Krotkoff 1982, 78), Zakho zde?lu ‘they feared’ (Sabar 1988, 1).(9)

Not absolutely all of identifying options that come with NENA can be found in a choice of Turoyo otherwise Mandaic

In my opinion the above makes it clear your NENA languages express many unique characteristics which happen to be discover neither in the last attested forms of Aramaic nor about almost every other way of living dialects. These features variety across the domains regarding phonology, morphology, as well as the lexicon.

Specifically, all the languages regarding NENA concur from inside the criteria 2, nine, 14, 15, 16, 21, and you can twenty-two. All the dialects in which i have guidance along with agree with criteria 20, 23, and you will twenty four.

All but Halabja concur from inside the standards 8 and you may eleven. Traditional 6 is situated in most of the languages but Halabja, Hertevin, and you will Sanandaj Christian.

Despite the internal departments, the NENA dialects means an amazingly defined class, split up clearly regarding each other Turoyo and Mandaic. The positioning ones languages beyond your NENA pale may be out of question.

The degree to which features are shared across the NENA is especially unbelievable when we consider the tremendous differences between various languages. The new dictate away from almost every other languages towards NENA could have been one another strong and you can broad, and the level of mutual intelligibility anywhere between languages can be hugely short. Many mutual innovations argue strongly to have a common resource of the newest NENA languages, in a choice of an individual dialect or perhaps in a small grouping of directly associated languages. At the same time, we could discern a handful of important packages of isoglosses and this portray the fresh new limitations out of dialect groups.

a) The fresh new dialect out-of Halabja cannot show particular crucial innovations which are found as a result of all the remaining portion of the languages. It does not function a good CCiC-ce preterite off intransitive verbs (8), it’s zero b(it)- coming marker (10), and has now zero third person singular copula which have step one (11). This can be the absolute most standard department ranging from languages regarding NENA. It means that the left languages function a team through which innovations bequeath if you find yourself Halabja stayed unchanged of the him or her.